INTRODUCTION OF BIOMOLECULES

 

INTRODUCTION OF BIOMOLECULES

Carbon is the key element of organic compounds. All organic compound contain carbon. In organic compound main bond formation take place between carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen. These organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from the bulk of living tissue are the biomolecules;

            When various biomolecules or organic substances found in living matter are mixed with tri-chloro acetic acid (Cl₃CCOOH), then two fractions are given out. One faction which is acid soluble pool forms the filtrate and the other fraction which is the acid insoluble pool forms the retentate..  

The acid soluble filtrate contains chemical and show a molecular mass of 18 to 1800 daltons which are called biomolecules. These include amino acid, sugar and nucleotides. Acid insoluble retentate have proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipid. All these elements except lipids have a high molecular weight of about 1000 daltons so they are called biomacromolecules. Molecular weight of lipids is not greater than 800 Dalton but they come under the acid insoluble retentate as lipids on fragments in the form of vesicles get separated along with acid insoluble filtrate.  An organic compound normally present as an essential component of living organism.

Fig: biomolecules of life

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMOLECULES

01.Most of them are organic compounds.

02.They have specific shapes and dimensions

03.Functional group determines their chemical properties.

04.Many of them are asymmetric.

05.Macromolecules are large molecules and are constructed from small building block molecules.

06.Building block building have single structure.

07.Biomolecules first gorse by chemical evolutions.

IMPORTANT BIOMOLECULES OF LIFE

01.               Water: Being the universal solvent and major constituents (60%) of any living body without which life is impossible. It acts as a media for the physiological and biological reactions in the body itself. Maintain the body in the required turgid condition

01.      Carbohydrates: It is very important for source of energy for any physical body function.

         Protein: These are very important from body maintenance point of view, helps in issue, cell formation.

01.            Lipid: These are very important from energy source as well as human nutrition point of view.

01.    Nucleic Acid: Nucleic acid are very important as DNA carries the hereditary importance and RNA helps in protein formation for the body.

01.               Enzymes: Enzymes are simple or combined proteins acting as specific catalysts and activates the various biochemical and metabolic processes within the body. A list of fundamental biomolecules is shown in table

List of fundamental biomolecules

Sr.No.	Small molecules	Atomic constituents	Derived macromolecules
1	Amino acid	C,H,O,N (S)	Proteins
2	Sugar	C,H,O	Starch, glycogen
3	Fatty acids	C,H,O	Fats,oils
4	Purines and pyrimidine	C,H,O,N	Nucleic acid
5	Nucleotide	C,H,O,N,P	Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

01.                     

Biomolecules is the molecules of life. Four main classes of biomolecules; Carbohydrates, lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are huge and there called macromolecules. Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.

1.          A polymer is a long molecule consist of many repeating units of monomers as their             building blocks.

1.            A monomer is a small molecule.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are among the most widely distributed compound in both plant and animals. Carbohydrates ‘hydrates of carbon are compound mainly made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are also called saccharides as they are formed of sugars. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, derived monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides

These sugar are the simple carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolyzed further and are made   up of 3-7 carbon atoms. Examples are glucose, fructose, galactose, eic.

Monosaccharides are generally polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They are named according to number of carbon atoms in the molecules and have the ending ‘-ose’, e.g. trios (3 carbon atoms), tetrose (4 carbon atoms ), pentose (5 carbon atoms ), hexose (6 carbon atoms ), heptose (7 carbon atoms ).

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